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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

Explain the relevance of bottom-up and top-down approaches in the development of agrarian economy.

  • UPSC 2014
  • Economic Geography

Top-down (centre-down) development, formalised by François Perroux (1955), transmits growth outward from planned growth centres through state investment and technology transfer.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • Top-Down: Growth Poles and the Trickle-Down Mechanism
  • The Green Revolution as Top-Down Agrarian Planning
  • Bottom-Up: Development from Below
  • Where Each Approach Is Relevant

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