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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

Explain the problems and prospects of urban expansion in the context of urban fringe in developed and developing nations.

  • UPSC 2023
  • Population and Settlement Geography

The rural-urban fringe is the transitional zone of mixed land use at the built-up edge where urban and rural functions interpenetrate — neither urban in service provision nor rural in land use. Herbert Louis (1936) identified the fringe belt in Berlin, G.S. Wehrwein (1942) gave the standard definition, and R.J. Pryor (1968) split it into…

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What the full answer covers

  • Problems of Fringe Expansion
  • In Developing Nations
  • In Developed Nations
  • The Shared Problem: An Administratively Orphaned Zone
  • Prospects of Fringe Expansion
  • The Convergent Prospect: Metropolitan-Scale Governance

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