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Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Examine the transiting social movements from physical movements to virtual movements in 21st century India.

  • UPSC 2026
  • 10 marks
  • Social Movements in Modern India

A social movement is sustained collective mobilisation, through formal or informal organisation and guided by an ideology, oriented to promoting or resisting change — M. S. A. Rao's formulation in Social Movements and Social Transformation (1979). The 21st century has not replaced that form; it has rewritten its repertoire. Manuel Castells names the result networked…

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions.

What the full answer covers

  • The virtual turn and what drives it
  • Why "transition" overstates the case
  • Structural limits in India
  • Conclusion

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