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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Examine the process of urbanization caused by the establishment of European trading companies in India.

  • UPSC 2024
  • Economy and Society in the 16th and 17th Centuries

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The arrival of Portuguese, Dutch, English, French and Danish trading enterprises from the sixteenth century onward set in motion a distinctive new wave of Indian urbanisation, one driven by maritime commerce rather than the imperial patronage or inland trade routes that had built earlier Mughal cities.

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What the full answer covers

  • Shift from Inland Imperial Centres to Coastal Port Cities
  • The Rise of New Port Cities and the Presidency Towns
  • From Factory to Town: The Growth of Fortified Settlements
  • Export-Oriented Production and New Urban Social Classes
  • The Distinctive Character of the Colonial City
  • Limits and Regional Distortions
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