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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Examine the major factors shaping the British land-revenue policy in India. How did it affect Indian society?

  • UPSC 2007
  • Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule

British land-revenue policy was never a single coherent design but a patchwork shaped by shifting economic theory, fiscal necessity, and regional administrative circumstance, whose social consequences proved far more uniform than its intellectual origins.

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What the full answer covers

  • Physiocratic Thinking and the Permanent Settlement
  • Ricardian Rent Theory and the Ryotwari Settlement
  • Village-Community Assumptions and the Mahalwari Settlement
  • The Common Thread: Fiscal Maximisation
  • Social Effects: New Landed Classes and Peasant Distress

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