Unlock Elite Access: Level Up Your Preparation with Exclusive Content

Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

Examine the causes and consequences of forced migration of population in the present context.

  • UPSC 2017
  • Population and Settlement Geography

Unlock the full answer · ₹1,770 ↓

Forced migration is involuntary relocation in which the migrant retains no meaningful choice — flight compelled by persecution, war, state land acquisition or environmental catastrophe. Where Lee (1966) weighs push against pull, Kunz's kinetic model (1973) treats refugee movement as push-only, either "acute" or "anticipatory".

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • The Legal Categories: From Convention Refugee to the Wholly Unprotected
  • Conflict, Persecution and Ethnic Cleansing: The Dominant Driver
  • Development-Induced Displacement: India's Unrecognised Majority
  • Environmental and Economic Drivers
  • Consequences: The Displaced and the Receiving Areas
  • For the displaced
  • …and 2 more sections, with a conclusion
Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack

Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack

Unlock this answer and 800+ more

  • 820 solved PYQ model answers (2013–2026), Paper I and Paper II
  • Topic-wise across all 20 syllabus units
  • 20 PYQ Pattern Analysis & Strategy reports, one per unit
  • Diagrams and maps drawn inside the answers, where you would draw them
  • 500 days of access from the day you enrol, on phone, laptop or tablet

₹1,770₹2,50029% off

Get Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack @ ₹1,770 →

One-time payment · No subscription · Instant access · UPI, cards, RuPay

See every Population and Settlement Geography question (43 solved) →Already enrolled? Log in