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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

Examine the causes and consequences of forced migration of population in the present context.

  • UPSC 2017
  • Population and Settlement Geography

Forced migration is involuntary relocation in which the migrant retains no meaningful choice — flight compelled by persecution, war, state land acquisition or environmental catastrophe. Where Lee (1966) weighs push against pull, Kunz's kinetic model (1973) treats refugee movement as push-only, either "acute" or "anticipatory".

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • The Legal Categories: From Convention Refugee to the Wholly Unprotected
  • Conflict, Persecution and Ethnic Cleansing: The Dominant Driver
  • Development-Induced Displacement: India's Unrecognised Majority
  • Environmental and Economic Drivers
  • Consequences: The Displaced and the Receiving Areas
  • For the displaced
  • …and 2 more sections, with a conclusion

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