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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Evaluating the theory of kingship of the Sultanate, discuss the deviations seen in the reigns of different Sultans

  • UPSC 2014
  • The Fourteenth Century

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The theoretical baseline of Sultanate kingship rested on the Caliphate — the notion that a Sultan ruled legitimately only as the temporal deputy of the Abbasid Caliph, the sole rightful custodian of Islamic sovereignty since the death of the Prophet. In practice, no Sultan of Delhi ever governed as a mere Caliphal lieutenant; each ruler…

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What the full answer covers

  • The Theoretical Baseline: Caliphal Sanction as Nominal Ideal
  • Iltutmish and Balban: Caliphal Investiture Alongside De Facto Independence
  • Alauddin Khalji: Subordinating Religious Sanction to Raison d'État
  • Muhammad bin Tughluq: Caliphal Recognition Pursued Amid Rationalist Unorthodoxy
  • Firuz Tughluq: The Swing Back to Orthodox, Jurist-Sanctioned Rule
  • The Throughline: A Framework Perpetually Renegotiated
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