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Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Does “economic empowerment” automatically bring about “substantive empowerment” for women? Briefly describe the main issues in women empowerment in India.

  • UPSC 2021
  • 10 marks
  • Challenges of Social Transformation

Naila Kabeer (Resources, Agency, Achievements, 1999) defines empowerment as the expanded ability to make strategic life choices by those once denied it, in three linked dimensions — resources, agency, achievements. Economic empowerment supplies only the first, so the answer is no: income is a precondition, not a guarantee.

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What the full answer covers

  • Why the transmission is not automatic
  • The main issues in India
  • Conclusion

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