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Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Do you think that in a society like India, orthogenetic changes take place through differentiation? Do you observe continuities in the orthogenetic process? Elaborate your answer with suitable examples.

  • UPSC 2025
  • Perspectives on the Study of Indian Society

Robert Redfield and Milton Singer separated change a civilisation generates from within its own value system — orthogenetic — from change imposed by outside contact. Yogendra Singh carried the pair into Modernization of Indian Tradition (1973) to show that Indian tradition alters without ceasing to be itself. Differentiation, in Émile Durkheim's and Talcott Parsons' sense,…

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What the full answer covers

  • Why differentiation is the orthogenetic mechanism
  • The Indian evidence
  • Continuities within the orthogenetic process
  • Conclusion

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