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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Do you agree that ecological factors influenced the flow and ebb of the Harappan Civilization? Comment.

  • UPSC 2021
  • Indus Valley Civilization

The trajectory of the Harappan Civilization — from scattered Early Harappan farming settlements through the great urban florescence of the Mature phase (roughly 2600–1900 BCE) to the dispersed, de-urbanized Late Harappan phase — cannot be explained by politics or invasion alone, because no comparable urban political collapse elsewhere in the ancient world was accompanied by…

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What the full answer covers

  • Climate and Monsoon Change as the Backdrop to Rise and Decline
  • The Indus System's Structural Unreliability
  • Subsistence Stress: Rainfall Deficit, Lift Irrigation, and Settlement Size
  • Human Pressure on a Fragile Semi-Arid Ecology
  • Limitations of a Purely Ecological Reading

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