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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Discuss the scientific and technological developments in ancient India.

  • UPSC 1991
  • Themes in Early Indian Cultural History

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A recurring charge against ancient Indian intellectual life is that it exhausted itself in metaphysical speculation — the nature of the atman, Brahman, and the cycle of rebirth — while leaving little room for empirical, pure science. This reading does not survive contact with the actual archaeological and textual record. Across metallurgy, hydraulic engineering, navigation,…

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What the full answer covers

  • Metallurgy: From Harappan Bronze to the Rustless Iron Pillar
  • Town-Planning and Hydraulic Engineering
  • Shipbuilding and Navigation
  • Medicine: Charaka, Sushruta and the Ayurvedic Corpus
  • Mathematics and Astronomy
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