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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Discuss the relationship between emergence of literature in vernacular languages and formation of regional identities in early medieval India.

  • UPSC 2021
  • Regional States during Gupta Era

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The early medieval centuries saw Sanskrit continue as the subcontinent's cosmopolitan idiom of royal legitimation even as Tamil, Kannada, and Telugu each developed, or in Tamil's case redirected, a literary tradition of their own under direct royal patronage. The relationship between the two was not one of replacement but of a deliberate division of labour,…

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What the full answer covers

  • Tamil: An Already-Mature Vernacular Redirected into Bhakti
  • Kannada: Inscriptional Beginnings under the Chalukyas, a Literary Identity under the Rashtrakutas
  • Telugu: A Later, Court-Anchored Beginning under the Eastern Chalukyas
  • The Causal Mechanism: How Patronage Built Regional Identity
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