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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

Discuss the potential consequences of the collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) for the world.

  • UPSC 2026
  • Oceanography

The AMOC is the Atlantic limb of the global thermohaline conveyor. Warm, saline surface water flows north, gives up its heat, becomes dense and sinks in the Labrador and Nordic seas as North Atlantic Deep Water, which returns south at depth. A full circuit of the conveyor takes on the order of 1,000 years.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Mechanism at Stake
  • Consequences for Climate
  • North-west Europe
  • The monsoons — where India's stake lies
  • Sea level, oceans and carbon
  • How Firm Is the Evidence?

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