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Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Discuss the issues of access and exclusion in higher education in India.

  • UPSC 2019
  • Education System and Social Change

Indian higher education is now among the largest systems in the world — the All India Survey on Higher Education for 2023-24 records 4.5 crore students and a Gross Enrolment Ratio of 30, against the 50 that the National Education Policy, 2020 targets for 2035. But access and inclusion are different problems: the system has…

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions.

What the full answer covers

  • Unequal access: who reaches the gate
  • Exclusion after entry
  • The counter-current
  • Conclusion

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