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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Discuss the different stages of the unification of Italy from 1848 to the occupation of Rome in 1870.

  • UPSC 2023
  • Nation-State System

The unification of Italy unfolded over seven distinct stages between 1848 and 1870, moving from failed popular revolution to a carefully engineered combination of diplomacy, war, and conquest.

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What the full answer covers

  • Stage One: The Revolutions of 1848–49 and the First War of Independence
  • Stage Two: The Decade of Preparation, 1849–1859
  • Stage Three: The Second War of Independence, 1859
  • Stage Four: The Expedition of the Thousand and Southern Revolution, 1860
  • Stage Five: Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, 1861
  • Stage Six: The Third War of Independence and Venetia, 1866
  • …and 1 more sections, with a conclusion

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