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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Discuss, how the policies adopted by Mikhail Gorbachev were responsible for the disintegration of the USSR?

  • UPSC 2022
  • Disintegration of the Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World

Mikhail Gorbachev's reform programme — Glasnost, Perestroika, democratization, and a reoriented foreign policy of "new thinking" — was designed to save the Soviet system, yet each strand instead set in motion the specific causal chain that produced its collapse by December 1991.

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What the full answer covers

  • Glasnost: From Transparency to the Unravelling of Legitimacy
  • Perestroika: Economic Dislocation Without a Safety Net
  • Democratization and the Erosion of the Party's Instrument of Power
  • New Thinking in Foreign Policy: Removing the External Rationale for Control
  • The August 1991 Coup: The Final Trigger

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