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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

Describe how urbanization creates air and water pollution in India.

  • UPSC 2013
  • Contemporary Issues

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Abel Wolman's account of the metabolism of cities supplies the organising idea: a city is a set of material inputs — energy, water, food, construction material — drawn in and pushed out again as waste, so the two waste streams are a fixed accounting consequence of urban growth, not an incidental by-product. Pollution appears when…

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • Urbanization as the generating process, not merely the setting
  • The air stream
  • The water stream
  • Judgement
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