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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

The world currently has been in the throes of a twin process of ‘democratic backsliding’ and ‘democratic backlash’. How would you explain this paradox?

  • UPSC 2025
  • 20 marks
  • Contemporary Global Concerns

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Nancy Bermeo ("On Democratic Backsliding", 2016) defined democratic backsliding as the state-led weakening or elimination of the institutions that sustain an existing democracy. Democratic backlash is the reaction it provokes, and the term carries two opposite meanings. Both processes are surging at once. The paradox dissolves once we separate who acts, against what, and in…

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What the full answer covers

  • Backsliding: decline from inside the state
  • Backlash: two meanings
  • Explaining the paradox
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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