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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

Define slums and explain their problems.

  • UPSC 2013
  • Settlements

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The Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1956 supplies the operative Indian test: an area is a slum where buildings are unfit for human habitation, or where dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement and design of buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets, and want of ventilation, light or sanitation are detrimental to safety, health or morals.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • The statutory test — a condition of the fabric, not a legal status
  • The Census of India — a three-fold operational definition
  • The UN-Habitat deprivation test — a wider net
  • The problems, by class
  • Judgement — the definition now does the political work
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