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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Discuss, with illustrations, the way decision making is influenced by the external and internal environment as perceived by the decision maker.

  • UPSC 1994
  • Approaches to the Study of International Relations

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Decision-makers do not respond to the world as it is but to the world as they see it. Richard C. Snyder, H. W. Bruck and Burton Sapin made the "definition of the situation" the centre of foreign policy analysis. Harold and Margaret Sprout separated the psychological milieu, the environment as perceived, which shapes the decision,…

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions.

What the full answer covers

  • How the environment is filtered
  • The external environment as perceived
  • The internal environment as perceived
  • Distortions in perception
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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