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Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Critically examine the position of women in the informal economy.

  • UPSC 2026
  • Works and Economic Life

Keith Hart coined the term "informal sector" (1971, from fieldwork in Ghana) for work outside state regulation and contract. In India this economy is visibly female: women make up 54.28% of the 31.89 crore workers on the e-Shram portal (August 2026). Their position is usually read as double subordination, by class and by patriarchy. That…

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What the full answer covers

  • The case for marginality
  • Critique: beyond the victim image
  • Assessment
  • Conclusion

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