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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

What is ‘complex interdependence’? Discuss the role of transnational actors in the international system.

  • UPSC 2021
  • 15 marks
  • Key Concepts in International Relations

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Complex interdependence is the ideal type Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye Jr. built in Power and Interdependence (1977) by inverting realism's assumptions. It sits at one end of a continuum whose other end is realism, and it is the frame in which transnational actors stop being noise and become part of the structure.

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What the full answer covers

  • What complex interdependence means
  • The role of transnational actors
  • Assessment
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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