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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Comment on the Turco-Mongol theory of sovereignty. To what extent was it adopted by Babur and Humayun?

  • UPSC 2010
  • The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century: Political History

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The Turco-Mongol theory of sovereignty fused steppe charismatic kingship with an emerging Perso-Islamic vocabulary of absolute rule, but it carried within it a structural contradiction — between unitary sovereignty and the older Mongol practice of treating the realm as divisible family property — that both Babur and Humayun had to navigate differently.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Core Tenets of Turco-Mongol Sovereignty
  • The Fault Line: Unitary Theory versus Partible Practice
  • Babur: Absolutist in Theory, Selective in Practice
  • Humayun: The Fuller Revival of Turco-Mongol Kingship — and Its Costs
  • Akbar's Resolution: Toward Unitary Perso-Islamic Sovereignty
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