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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

When there are multiple stakeholders of power, conversation and consensus become the natural ingredients of governance. Analyze with respect to coalition politics.

  • UPSC 2026
  • 15 marks
  • Party System

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Walter Bagehot called parliamentary rule "government by discussion" in Physics and Politics (1872). Arend Lijphart's Patterns of Democracy (1999) set the consensus model, with executive power shared in broad coalitions, against the majoritarian model. A coalition multiplies the stakeholders whose consent a government needs, so conversation becomes structurally necessary. Whether it produces genuine consensus depends…

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions.

What the full answer covers

  • Why coalition compels conversation
  • The instruments of conversation
  • Evidence from 2024 onward
  • Links and tensions
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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