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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Answer in about 150 words: Clientilism.

  • UPSC 2026
  • 10 marks
  • Politics of Representation and Participation

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Clientelism is the exchange of targeted, personal benefits (cash, jobs, contracts, ration cards, a word with the police) for political support, where the benefit is contingent on how the recipient votes. Herbert Kitschelt and Steven I. Wilkinson (Patrons, Clients, or Policies, 2007) call it a direct, contingent exchange, which separates it from programmatic politics, where…

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What the full answer covers

  • Elements and forms
  • The Indian idiom
  • Why it persists, and its costs
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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