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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

What are the main challenges faced by the developing countries in the era of globalisation?

  • UPSC 2022
  • 10 marks
  • Globalisation

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Globalisation offers developing countries markets, capital and technology, but on terms they did not write. Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur (The Dark Side of Globalization, 2011) show how the same open networks also carry a "transnational uncivil society" of crime, trafficking and terrorism, which weak states are least able to police. The challenges fall into…

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What the full answer covers

  • 1. Structural and economic
  • 2. Institutional and policy space
  • 3. Financial
  • 4. Technological
  • 5. Ecological and geoeconomic
  • 6. Socio-cultural and political
  • …and 2 more sections, with a conclusion
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