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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Identify the challenges to American hegemony in post-Soviet world. (150 words)

  • UPSC 2013
  • 10 marks
  • Changing International Political Order

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The Soviet collapse left the United States the sole pole, the "unipolar moment" Charles Krauthammer named in Foreign Affairs (1990–91). George Modelski's long-cycle theory (Long Cycles in World Politics, 1987) holds that world leadership is contested roughly once a century, and by 2013 the challenges were visible on five fronts.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions.

What the full answer covers

  • Structural: the rise of the rest
  • Strategic: the limits of force
  • Economic: the erosion of the model
  • Ideational: the contest over legitimacy
  • Internal: the will to lead
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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