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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

To what extent is multi-lateralism a reality with regard to India’s ‘constructive strategic partnership’ with Central Asian states?

  • UPSC 2011
  • 30 marks
  • Recent Developments in Indian Foreign Policy

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Robert O. Keohane (1990) defined multilateralism nominally, as coordinating policies among three or more states. John Gerard Ruggie (1992) set a higher bar: coordination on generalised principles of conduct, with indivisible benefits and diffuse reciprocity rather than case-by-case bargains. India's partnership with the five Central Asian republics passes Keohane's test and largely fails Ruggie's. Its…

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What the full answer covers

  • The multilateral architecture
  • Form against substance
  • Explaining the gap
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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