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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer
‘By 1861, China may be said to have been fully though grudgingly opened to the Westerner.’ Comment in about 200 words.
- UPSC 1987
- Imperialism and Colonialism
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By 1861 successive military defeats had forced China through two rounds of "unequal treaties" that dismantled its old tribute-based exclusiveness.
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