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Sociology Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Bring out the main features of farmers’ movements in Modern India.

  • UPSC 2013
  • 15 marks
  • Social Movements in Modern India

"Modern India" here begins with the colonial remaking of land relations — the Permanent Settlement of 1793 and the ryotwari and mahalwari settlements — which turned custom into contract, revenue into a cash obligation and the cultivator into a debtor. Peasant movements from the mid-nineteenth century to the present are responses to that transformation, and…

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What the full answer covers

  • Feature 1: the movements are anti-feudal and anti-colonial at their core
  • Feature 2: early movements were localised, restorative and short-lived
  • Feature 3: religion, kinship and community supply the idiom
  • Feature 4: nationalisation and organisation after 1917
  • Feature 5: the class base shifts, and leadership comes from outside
  • Feature 6: they are far more widespread than once believed
  • …and 1 more sections, with a conclusion

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