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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Discuss the main factors that have contributed to the gradual transformation of the world from ‘Billiard Ball Model’ to ‘Cobweb Model’.

  • UPSC 2014
  • 15 marks
  • Approaches to the Study of International Relations

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Arnold Wolfers (Discord and Collaboration, 1962) pictured states as billiard balls: hard-shelled, internally opaque units that collide and rebound according to mass, that is, power. John W. Burton (World Society, 1972) replaced the table with a cobweb of transactions such as trade, finance, migration and communication, whose densities ignore borders. The shift is from state-centric…

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What the full answer covers

  • The two models
  • Factors behind the transformation
  • Theoretical recognition
  • Has the billiard ball returned?
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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