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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Assess the development of Science and Technology in the Mughal period.

  • UPSC 2013
  • Culture during Mughal Empire

Unlike a question about how Mughal India reacted to European inventions, this one asks about indigenous development in its own right — the applied, craft-embedded technical culture the empire actually built and sustained.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the History Optional PYQ Master Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • Astronomy: Collaborative Continuity, Not a Mughal-Era Observatory Revolution
  • Metallurgy and Artillery Casting
  • Textile Technology and the Karkhana System
  • Agricultural Technology and the Columbian Exchange
  • Shipbuilding and the Broader Applied-Craft Culture
  • Assessing the Balance

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