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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Assess the contribution of the Acharyas in the development of the ideological basis of bhakti

  • UPSC 2012
  • Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200

The emotional devotionalism of the Tamil Alvars and Nayanars supplied bhakti's affective core, but emotion alone could not withstand the sustained philosophical challenge posed by rival Vedantic schools, Buddhist logic, and orthodox ritualism. It was the Vaishnava philosopher-acharyas — Ramanuja above all, followed by Madhva, Nimbarka, and Vallabha — who converted the saints' lived experience…

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What the full answer covers

  • Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita: Bhakti as Qualified Non-Dualism
  • Madhva and Dvaita: Devotion Grounded in Real Otherness
  • Nimbarka and Vallabha: Further Variations on the Theme
  • Institutional Consolidation of the Ideology

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