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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Assess Kalhana’s views on history

  • UPSC 2009
  • Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200

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Kalhana, the twelfth-century Kashmiri author of the Rajatarangini ("River of Kings," c. 1148–50 CE), is unusual among early Indian chroniclers for stating, in his own prologue, a self-conscious theory of what history-writing ought to be — a claim to method, ethical duty, and aesthetic purpose that goes well beyond mere chronicle-keeping. Assessing his "views on…

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What the full answer covers

  • The Historian's Duty: Impartiality as First Principle
  • Method as Evidence of a Historical Sensibility
  • Causation: Fate, Karma, and Political Agency in Tension
  • Rasa and the Aesthetic Framing of History
  • The Limits of His Historical Consciousness
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