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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

“Art, literature and culture reached a high level of development in the Vijayanagar Empire.” Discuss.

  • UPSC 1989
  • The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century: Society and Culture

The claim invites evaluation on two axes at once — whether development was genuinely of "high level" quality, and whether it was evenly spread across the empire's roughly two centuries rather than concentrated in a short peak.

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What the full answer covers

  • Was Development Concentrated in a Single Reign?
  • Continuation or Genuine Originality? The Architectural-Sculptural Question
  • Multi-Religious Patronage: Flowering or Selective Favour?
  • Weighing the Verdict

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