History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer
Account for the emergence of the national monarchies in Europe in the sixteenth century. Did the monarchs build the national states less by design than by chance?
- UPSC 1987
- Origins of Modern Politics
The sixteenth century saw the medieval patchwork of feudal lordships, autonomous towns, and transnational Church authority give way, in England, France, Spain, and Russia, to consolidated monarchies claiming sovereign command over a defined territory and people.
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What the full answer covers
- The Decline of Feudalism and the Vacuum of Authority
- Dynastic Consolidation: England, France, Spain, Russia
- New Instruments of Centralized Power
- The Reformation as an Instrument of National Consolidation
- Design or Chance? The Historiographical Debate
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