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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

The relationship between El Niño and the Indian monsoon is becoming complex under the conditions of global warming. Critically examine.

  • UPSC 2026
  • Physical Setting

El Niño — the warming of the equatorial Pacific by 1°C to 3°C every three to seven years — reaches India through the Southern Oscillation, the pressure seesaw between the Pacific and Indian Oceans that Sir Gilbert Walker identified in 1920 while heading India's meteorological service.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • The Link Was Never One-to-One
  • What Warming Has Genuinely Added
  • El Niño no longer comes in one form
  • A second ocean now competes for control
  • The seasonal total conceals what matters
  • But the Direction of Change Is Contested
  • …and 2 more sections, with a conclusion

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