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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

Discuss the basis of various explanations for the formation of Shiwalik.

  • UPSC 2024
  • Physical Setting

The Shiwaliks are built of a great thickness of Mio-Pleistocene sands, gravels and conglomerates brought by rivers flowing from the higher ranges of the Himalayas, subsequently folded, faulted and indurated by earth movements from the Middle Miocene to the Lower Pleistocene.

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What the full answer covers

  • The Foredeep Deposition Explanation
  • The Indobrahm or Siwalik River Explanation
  • The Foreland Basin and Thrust Propagation Explanation
  • The Contemporary Dispute: Uplift or Monsoon?
  • Judgement

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