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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

Analyse the causes for changes in the pattern of world trade.

  • UPSC 2013
  • Economic Geography

Ricardo's comparative advantage (1817) explained trade by relative cost differences, and the Heckscher–Ohlin factor-endowment model (1919–1933) refined it: nations export goods intensive in their abundant factor.

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What the full answer covers

  • Technological Collapse of the Friction of Distance
  • Reorganisation of Production: NIDL and Global Value Chains
  • Institutional and Policy Restructuring
  • Changing Composition: Primaries to Manufactures to Services
  • The Eastward Shift in Direction

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