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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

The rise of nationalism across nations shattered the chains which held together the empires of modem Europe. Discuss.

  • UPSC 2021
  • Nation-State System

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Nineteenth-century nationalism operated as a double-edged force: the very ideology that fused scattered German and Italian states into new nations simultaneously fractured the old multinational empires — Ottoman, Habsburg, and Russian — that had governed Europe's diverse peoples for centuries.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the History Optional PYQ Master Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • Nationalism as an Ideology Directed Against Empire
  • The Ottoman Empire: The "Eastern Question" as Nationalism's Battlefield
  • The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism as the Empire's Internal Enemy
  • The Russian Empire: Polish and Peripheral Nationalism
  • The Same Force, Read the Other Way: Nationalism as Integration
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