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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

Give an account of recent observations on coral bleaching with reference to Clive Wilkinson’s Report.

  • UPSC 2014
  • Oceanography

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Coral bleaching is the whitening of corals when heat or other stress breaks down their symbiosis with zooxanthellae (Symbiodiniaceae), the algae that give corals their colour and most of their food; bleached corals can recover if the stress passes, or starve and die if it persists.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • Clive Wilkinson’s Observations — the 1998 Baseline
  • Observations Since Wilkinson
  • GCRMN 2020 report (first global assessment since 2008)
  • GCRMN 2025 report (released 31 August 2026)
  • The Four Global Bleaching Events
  • Assessment
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