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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Examine the view that the thirty years war (1618-1648) was essentially a contest between the Bourbon and Hapsburg houses for mastery of the Continent of Europe. How far did it settle the issue?

  • UPSC 1988
  • Origins of Modern Politics

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The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Europe's most destructive conflict before the twentieth century, began as a religious struggle within the Holy Roman Empire but hardened, in its later phases, into a dynastic contest between the Bourbons of France and the Habsburgs of Austria and Spain.

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What the full answer covers

  • Religious Origins: The Bohemian and Danish Phases
  • The Turn to Dynastic Contest: Sweden and France
  • The Character of the Later War (1635–1648)
  • How Far Did the Peace of Westphalia Settle the Issue?
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