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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Throw light on the chief characteristics of Tamil Bhakti Movement during the early medieval period.

  • UPSC 2022
  • Regional States during Gupta Era

Between roughly the sixth and ninth centuries, Tamil Nadu witnessed a wave of devotional religion carried entirely by Tamil-language saint-poets rather than Sanskrit theologians, and its defining features — the two parallel streams of Shaiva and Vaishnava devotion, the deliberate choice of the vernacular, and an inclusiveness that cut across caste and gender — together…

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What the full answer covers

  • Two Devotional Streams: Nayanars and Alvars
  • The Vernacular Character: Devotion Composed in Tamil, Not Sanskrit
  • Social Characteristics: Devotion Across Caste and Gender
  • Royal Patronage and Temple Building
  • Canonisation: From Oral Hymn to Fixed Corpus

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