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Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack · Model answer

Discuss the degree of importance of transportation costs as a factor of industrial location with respect to “footloose industries”.

  • UPSC 2018
  • Economic Geography

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Footloose industries are those with a material index near unity, a low bulk-to-value ratio, and freight typically under 2–3% of total cost, so neither raw material nor market exerts a decisive locational pull.

You are reading the opening of the model answer. The full answer is part of the Geography Optional 300+ Score Pack.

What the full answer covers

  • Weber's Baseline: The Material Index as Locational Verdict
  • Why the Transport-Cost Surface Flattens
  • The Factors That Displace It
  • The Counterweight: Reduced, Not Abolished
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