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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Discuss the relationship between emergence of literature in vernacular languages and formation of regional identities in early medieval India.

  • UPSC 2021
  • Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200

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Early medieval India, roughly the sixth to thirteenth centuries CE, saw the consolidation of regional kingdoms, temple-centred agrarian economies, and new devotional movements, alongside a decisive shift in literary culture: languages such as Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Marathi and Bengali progressively acquired the status of literary languages, challenging Sanskrit's long-standing pan-Indian monopoly over prestige composition. This…

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What the full answer covers

  • From Sanskrit Cosmopolis to Regional Literary Cultures
  • Regional Courts as Patrons of Vernacular Literary Formation
  • Bhakti as a Vernacularising and Identity-Forming Force
  • Inscriptions, Administration and the Public Authority of Vernaculars
  • Literature as an Instrument of Dynastic Legitimacy
  • Limits: Regional Identity Was Not Proto-Linguistic Nationalism
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