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History Optional PYQ Master Pack · Model answer

Discuss the distribution and significance of farming cultures outside the Indus system.

  • UPSC 2008
  • Indus Valley Civilization

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It is tempting to read early Indian agriculture as radiating outward from the Harappan cities, but the archaeological record instead shows farming communities established, in several cases, before the Mature Harappan phase and independently of it — in the Ghaggar plains, Rajasthan's copper belt, Gujarat's peninsula, Kashmir, the Vindhyas, and peninsular India. Their distribution matters…

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What the full answer covers

  • Pre-Urban Farming on the Ghaggar Plains: Kunal and Bhirrana
  • The Copper-Rich Farming Culture of the Aravallis: Ganeshwar-Jodhpura
  • Chalcolithic Farmers of Gujarat and Saurashtra
  • The North-Western Highland Base: Mehrgarh and Its Neighbours
  • Kashmir, the Vindhyas and Peninsular India
  • Why This Distribution Matters
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