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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Why is ‘affirmative action’ important in provision of equal opportunity?

  • UPSC 2012
  • Equality and Liberty

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Equal opportunity promises that positions go to talent and effort alone. Affirmative action — positive measures favouring groups that suffered systematic exclusion, a phrase that entered civil-rights policy with John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925 (1961) — matters because without it that promise stays merely formal.

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What the full answer covers

  • Why formal opportunity is hollow on its own
  • The Indian argument
  • How it works
  • Limits
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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