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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

The return of trade barriers and economic sanctions has diminished the spirit of GATT. In this context, discuss the factors contributing to the decline of WTO in recent times.

  • UPSC 2024
  • 15 marks
  • Evolution of the International Economic System

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The "spirit of GATT" (1947) was the bargain John Gerard Ruggie called embedded liberalism: non-discriminatory, progressively freer trade under agreed rules, with room left for domestic welfare. The WTO (1995) stretched it to agriculture, services and intellectual property, promising every member Ricardian gains. Dani Rodrik's trilemma (The Globalization Paradox, 2011) explains the backlash: deep integration,…

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What the full answer covers

  • Factors behind the decline
  • How deep is the decline?
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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