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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Discuss some of the key drivers of India’s new interests in Africa which might help in developing long-term comparative advantage over China.

  • UPSC 2025
  • 15 marks
  • India and the Global South

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India cannot outspend China in Africa: China–Africa trade reached about US$348 billion in 2025, against India–Africa trade of US$93.69 billion in 2025-26. A comparative advantage, in the Ricardian sense, lies not where India is absolutely stronger but where its cost of delivering value is relatively lower. The drivers that matter are those where money is…

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What the full answer covers

  • Drivers that play to India's strengths
  • Why these drivers can become a durable advantage
  • The limits
  • Conclusion
PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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