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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions · Model answer

Comment in about 150 words: Affirmative action.

  • UPSC 2021, 2016
  • 10 marks
  • Equality and Liberty

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Affirmative action means deliberate measures that favour members of historically excluded groups — women, Black Americans, Dalits, Adivasis, indigenous peoples — in education, employment, contracts and representation, to undo past discrimination and present disadvantage. The phrase entered civil-rights policy through John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925 (1961); India's protective discrimination, with antecedents in the Poona…

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PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

PSIR Optional PYQ Solutions

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